Metastases involving the gastrointestinal system.

OBJECTIVES

To provide a review of metastases involving the gastrointestinal system, including the specific problems of liver metastasis, bowel obstruction, ascites, biliary obstruction, and gastrointestinal fistulas.

DATA SOURCES

Research studies, review articles, and book chapters.

CONCLUSIONS

When metastasis involves the gastrointestinal tract, the emotional distress is coupled with debilitating symptoms and marked nutritional deficits. Treatment decisions must consider potential benefits and risks and affect on quality of life.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

An understanding of the disease process and alternative treatment interventions will assist nurses to effectively anticipate and manage symptoms that may develop and educate patients and families so they can participate in decisions regarding their treatment.