Lewis R D, Modlesky C M
Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
Int J Sport Nutr. 1998 Sep;8(3):250-84. doi: 10.1123/ijsn.8.3.250.
Calcium and vitamin D can significantly impact bone mineral and fracture risk in women. Unfortunately, calcium intakes in women are low and many elderly have poor vitamin D status. Supplementation with calcium (approximately 1000 mg) can reduce bone loss in premenopausal and late postmenopausal women, especially at sites that have a high cortical bone composition. Vitamin D supplementation slows bone loss and reduces fracture rates in late postmenopausal women. While an excess of nutrients such as sodium and protein potentially affect bone mineral through increased calcium excretion, phytoestrogens in soy foods may attenuate bone loss through estrogenlike activity. Weight-bearing physical activity may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in women by augmenting bone mineral during the early adult years and reducing the loss of bone following menopause. High-load activities, such as resistance training, appear to provide the best stimulus for enhancing bone mineral; however, repetitive activities, such as walking, may have a positive impact on bone mineral when performed at higher intensities. Irrespective of changes in bone mineral, physical activities that improve muscular strength, endurance, and balance may reduce fracture risk by reducing the risk of falling. The combined effect of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral needs further investigation.
钙和维生素D会对女性的骨矿物质及骨折风险产生重大影响。遗憾的是，女性的钙摄入量较低，许多老年人的维生素D状况不佳。补充钙（约1000毫克）可减少绝经前和绝经后期女性的骨质流失，尤其是在皮质骨成分较高的部位。补充维生素D可减缓绝经后期女性的骨质流失并降低骨折率。虽然过量的钠和蛋白质等营养素可能通过增加钙排泄而影响骨矿物质，但大豆食品中的植物雌激素可能通过类似雌激素的活性减轻骨质流失。负重体育活动可在成年早期增加骨矿物质并减少绝经后骨质流失，从而降低女性患骨质疏松症的风险。高负荷活动，如抗阻训练，似乎对增强骨矿物质提供了最佳刺激；然而，重复性活动，如步行，在高强度进行时可能对骨矿物质有积极影响。无论骨矿物质如何变化，改善肌肉力量、耐力和平衡的体育活动可通过降低跌倒风险来降低骨折风险。体育活动和补充钙对骨矿物质的综合作用有待进一步研究。
