Developmental differences in implicit and explicit memory performance.

Performance of preschool, elementary school, and college students was compared on a series of perceptual and conceptual implicit and explicit memory tasks that followed perceptual or conceptual processing during study. As expected, performance on the conceptual explicit memory task improved across age groups. In contrast, performance on the perceptual explicit memory task as well as that on both types of implicit memory tasks showed no developmental change. Also, perceptual processing during study led to better memory performance than conceptual processing for both the perceptual implicit and perceptual explicit tasks and conceptual processing during study led to better memory performance on the conceptual explicit memory task. Performance on the conceptual implicit memory task, in contrast, was affected equally by both types of study processing. The results are discussed in terms of transfer-appropriate processing (Roediger & Blaxton, 1987b) and unitization and grouping processes (Graf & Schacter, 1989).