Holtz V
Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1976 Oct;64(4):376-81.
The Program Planning Model (PPM) is a planning and management tool that facilitates development and acceptance of significant programs. PPM assists program planning by systematically involving consumer or user groups in the development and review of new programs. While user participitation is important throughout PPM, this involvement is especially important during the problem exploration phase, when the problems or needs of these users are surveyed. The Nominal Group Technique (NGT), a variation of the "brainstorming" process, is a structured but flexible group process used in the problem exploration phase to generate a high number of useful responses concerning problem areas. NGT ensures maximum contribution of ideas by all participtants. NGT and its application in the planning and management efforts of several libraries and library networks are described in detail.
项目规划模型（PPM）是一种规划和管理工具，有助于重大项目的开发与接受。PPM通过系统地让消费者或用户群体参与新项目的开发与审查来辅助项目规划。虽然用户参与在整个PPM过程中都很重要，但在问题探索阶段，当对这些用户的问题或需求进行调查时，这种参与尤为重要。名义小组技术（NGT）是“头脑风暴”过程的一种变体，是在问题探索阶段使用的一种结构化但灵活的小组过程，以就问题领域产生大量有用的回应。NGT确保所有参与者最大程度地贡献想法。文中详细描述了NGT及其在几个图书馆和图书馆网络的规划与管理工作中的应用。
