Dennis D T, Nekomoto T S, Victor J C, Paul W S, Piesman J
Division of Vector-Borne Infection Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
J Med Entomol. 1998 Sep;35(5):629-38. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.5.629.
Lyme disease, caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most frequently reported arthropod-borne disease in the United States. To develop a national map of the distribution of the vectors of B. burgdorferi to humans (Ixodes scapularis Say and Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls ticks), we sent questionnaires to acarologists, health officials, and Lyme disease researchers; surveyed the 1966-1996 MEDLINE data base; and reviewed 1907-1995 National Tick Collection data. Tick collection methods cited included flagging and dragging, deer surveys, small- and medium-sized mammal surveys, CO2 baiting, and receipt of tick submissions. A total of 1,058 unique, county-specific I. scapularis and I. pacificus records was obtained. Tick populations were classified as "reported" (< 6 ticks and 1 life stage identified) or "established" (> or = 6 ticks or > 1 life stage identified). Established populations of I. scapularis were identified in 396 counties in 32 states in the eastern and central United States, whereas established populations of I. pacificus were found in 90 counties in 5 western states. Counties with established populations were most concentrated in the northeastern, upper northcentral, and west-coastal states but were also clustered in southeastern and Gulf-coastal states. A less concentrated distribution was found in the south-central states. Reports were notably missing from all but a few counties in Ohio, West Virginia, western Virginia and North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee. They were absent in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions and from large areas of western states east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada cordilleras. These data are useful for identifying areas of Lyme disease risk, for targeting Lyme disease prevention strategies, and for monitoring trends in spatial distribution of Lyme disease vector ticks.
莱姆病由伯氏疏螺旋体感染引起，是美国报告最多的节肢动物传播疾病。为绘制美国境内伯氏疏螺旋体向人类传播的媒介（肩突硬蜱和太平洋硬蜱）分布的全国地图，我们向蜱螨学家、卫生官员和莱姆病研究人员发送了调查问卷；检索了1966 - 1996年的医学文献数据库；并查阅了1907 - 1995年的国家蜱类收集数据。所引用的蜱类收集方法包括拖旗法和拖曳法、鹿类调查、中小型哺乳动物调查、二氧化碳诱捕法以及接收提交的蜱类样本。总共获得了1058条独特的、特定县的肩突硬蜱和太平洋硬蜱记录。蜱类种群被分类为“报告存在”（鉴定出少于6只蜱且为1个生命阶段）或“已确定存在”（鉴定出≥6只蜱或多于1个生命阶段）。在美国东部和中部的32个州的396个县发现了已确定存在的肩突硬蜱种群，而在西部5个州的90个县发现了已确定存在的太平洋硬蜱种群。已确定存在种群的县最集中在东北部、中北部上游和西海岸各州，但在东南部和墨西哥湾沿岸各州也有聚集。在中南部各州发现的分布则没那么集中。除了俄亥俄州、西弗吉尼亚州、弗吉尼亚州西部、北卡罗来纳州、肯塔基州和田纳西州的少数几个县外，其他县都明显没有相关报告。在大平原和落基山脉地区以及喀斯喀特山脉和内华达山脉以西的西部各州大片区域都没有发现。这些数据有助于确定莱姆病风险区域、针对莱姆病预防策略以及监测莱姆病媒介蜱空间分布的趋势。
