Cytokine induction of NO synthase II in human DLD-1 cells: roles of the JAK-STAT, AP-1 and NF-kappaB-signaling pathways.

1. In human epithelial-like DLD-I cells, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) II expression was induced by interferon-gamma (100 u ml(-1)) alone and, to a larger extent, by a cytokine mixture (CM) consisting of interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta (50 u ml(-1)) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (10 ng ml(-1)). 2. CM-induced NOS II expression was inhibited by tyrphostin B42 (mRNA down to 1%; nitrite production down to 0.5% at 300 microM) and tyrphostin A25 (mRNA down to 24%, nitrite production down to 1% at 200 microM), suggesting the involvement of janus kinase 2 (JAK-2). Tyrphostin B42 also blocked the CM-induced JAK-2 phosphorylation (kinase assay) and reduced the CM-stimulated STAT1alpha binding activity (gel shift analysis). 3. CM reduced the nuclear binding activity of transcription factor AP-1. A heterogenous group of compounds, that stimulated the expression of c-fos/c-jun, enhanced the nuclear binding activity of AP-1. This group includes the protein phosphatase inhibitors calyculin A, okadaic acid, and phenylarsine oxide, as well as the inhibitor of translation anisomycin. All of these compounds reduced CM-induced NOS II mRNA expression (to 9% at 50 nM calyculin A; to 28% at 500 nM okadaic acid; to 18% at 10 microM phenylarsine oxide; and to 19% at 100 ng ml(-1) anisomycin) without changing NOS II mRNA stability. In cotransfection experiments, overexpression of c-Jun and c-Fos reduced promoter activity of a 7 kb DNA fragment of the 5'-flanking sequence of the human NOS II gene to 63%. 4. Nuclear extracts from resting DLD-1 cells showed significant binding activity for transcription factor NF-kappaB, which was only slightly enhanced by CM. The NF-kappaB inhibitors dexamethasone (1 microM), 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (50 microM), panepoxydone (5 microg ml(-1)) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (100 microM) produced no inhibition of CM-induced NOS II induction. 5. We conclude that in human DLD-1 cells, the interferon-gamma-JAK-2-STAT1alpha pathway is important for NOS II induction. AP-1 (that is downregulated by CM) seems to be a negative regulator of NOS II expression. NF-kappaB, which is probably important for basal activity of the human NOS II promoter, is unlikely to function as a major effector of CM in DLD-1 cells.