Cyrulnik B
Hôpital Toulon, Université Toulon, France.
Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1998;393:44-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb05966.x.
Among animals, fear is a signal of an external danger which can be triggered without any learning. Fear is often mediated by the perception of another fear issued from a peer, allowing the contagion of the emotion. Ontogeny of animal fear can be observed in the natural environment, and it can be experimentally manipulated. This suggests the idea that animal fear is an internal signal of a danger, and that it develops by imprinting of external objects which categorizes the animal's world in a familiar tranquillizing world vs. a strange anxiogenic one. In humans, the child's development allows us to observe similar phenomena until such time as the child has access to the semantic world, and will experience emotions released by gestures and words issued from attachment figures or anxiogenic ones.
在动物中，恐惧是一种外部危险的信号，无需任何学习就能触发。恐惧通常由对同伴发出的另一种恐惧的感知介导，从而使这种情绪得以传播。动物恐惧的个体发生可以在自然环境中观察到，也可以通过实验进行操控。这表明动物恐惧是一种危险的内部信号，它通过对外部物体的印记而发展，这种印记将动物的世界分为熟悉的平静世界和陌生的引发焦虑的世界。在人类中，儿童的发展使我们能够观察到类似的现象，直到儿童进入语义世界，并将体验到由依恋对象或引发焦虑的对象发出的手势和言语所释放的情绪。
