Klaczynski P A, Narasimham G
Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina 28723, USA.
Dev Psychol. 1998 Sep;34(5):865-81. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.34.5.865.
In Experiment 1, preadolescents, middle adolescents, and late adolescents were presented 3 deductive reasoning tasks. With some important exceptions, conditional reasoning improved with age on problems containing permission conditional relations, and reasoning fallacies increased with age on problems containing causal conditional relations. The results of Experiments 2a and 2b indicated that problem type (i.e., permission or causal) does not mediate the activation of conditional reasoning skills. Rather, valid conditional inferences are more common on problems for which plausible alternative antecedents can be generated than on problems for which alternative antecedent generation is difficult. Conditional rules for which alternative antecedent generation is difficult may be misrepresented as biconditionals, resulting in biconditional rather than conditional reasoning.
在实验1中,向青春期前儿童、青少年中期和青少年晚期呈现了3项演绎推理任务。除了一些重要的例外情况,在包含许可条件关系的问题上,条件推理能力随年龄增长而提高,而在包含因果条件关系的问题上,推理谬误随年龄增长而增加。实验2a和2b的结果表明,问题类型(即许可或因果)并不会调节条件推理技能的激活。相反,与难以生成替代前件的问题相比,可以生成合理替代前件的问题上有效条件推理更为常见。难以生成替代前件的条件规则可能会被错误地表示为双条件,从而导致双条件推理而非条件推理。