Byrne R M, Handley S J
Department of Psychology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ireland.
Cognition. 1997 Jan;62(1):1-49. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(96)00720-2.
Deductive reasoning shares with other forms of thinking a reliance on strategies, as shown by the results of three experiments on the nature and development of control strategies to solve suppositional deductions. These puzzles are based on assertors who may or may not be telling the truth, and their assertions about their status as truthtellers and liars. The first experiment shows that reasoners make backward inferences as well as forward inferences, to short-cut their way through the alternatives, and the generation of suppositions is a source of difficulty. The second experiment establishes that the elimination of the suppositional status of an individual does not render problems easier. The third experiment shows that reasoners can improve their reasoning accuracy and speed spontaneously, without feedback, and it clarifies the transfer of strategies and their development. We discuss the implications of these data for alternative theories of suppositional deduction and for the relationship between reasoning and other forms of thinking such as problem solving.
演绎推理与其他思维形式一样依赖策略，这在关于解决假设性演绎的控制策略的性质和发展的三个实验结果中得到了体现。这些谜题基于可能说实话也可能不说实话的断言者，以及他们关于自己作为说真话者和说谎者身份的断言。第一个实验表明，推理者既会进行正向推理，也会进行反向推理，以便在各种可能性中走捷径，而假设的产生是一个难点。第二个实验确定，消除个体的假设状态并不会使问题变得更容易。第三个实验表明，推理者可以在没有反馈的情况下自发提高推理的准确性和速度，并且它阐明了策略的转移及其发展。我们讨论了这些数据对假设性演绎的替代理论以及推理与其他思维形式（如问题解决）之间关系的影响。
