Marlow C, Bull S J, Heath B, Shambrook C J
Chelsea School Research Centre, University of Brighton, UK.
J Sci Med Sport. 1998 Sep;1(3):143-55. doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80010-8.
The pre-performance routine (PPR) is proposed to assist the performance of closed skills by enhancing concentration (Crews and Boutcher, 1987) and the recall of optimal psychological and physiological states (Cohn, 1990). A multiple-baseline-across-individuals design was utilised to assess the effect of PPRs on water polo penalty shot performance. Three experienced male water polo players were assisted in designing a personalised multi-component PPR, which was rehearsed in accordance with a training program, and implemented prior to performing penalty shots in simulated trials. Mean performance scores increased for all players between pre and post intervention phases. A Split Middle analysis (White, 1974) further described performance trends and changes. Players 1 and 2 reversed negative baseline trends of -1.071 and -1.031 to positive post intervention trends of +1.011 and +1.011, producing respective positive changes in slope of +1.08 and +1.042. Player 3's baseline trend of +1.008 was reversed post intervention to -1.004, causing a negative change in slope of -1.012. Respective ratios of 1.38, 1.36 and 1.20, suggest a positive change in trend level immediately following PPR introduction. Binomial tests revealed improvements in all participant performances between stages (p<0.001). Results are reviewed in light of previous research and the utilisation of single-subject designs is discussed.
赛前准备程序（PPR）被认为有助于通过提高注意力（克鲁斯和布彻，1987年）以及唤起最佳心理和生理状态（科恩，1990年）来提升封闭技能的表现。采用多基线跨个体设计来评估PPR对水球罚球表现的影响。协助三名经验丰富的男性水球运动员设计了个性化的多组件PPR，该PPR按照训练计划进行排练，并在模拟试验中罚球前实施。所有球员在干预前和干预后阶段的平均表现得分均有所提高。拆分中间分析（怀特，1974年）进一步描述了表现趋势和变化。球员1和球员2将-1.071和-1.031的负基线趋势转变为干预后的+1.011和+1.011的正趋势，斜率分别产生了+1.08和+1.042的正向变化。球员3的基线趋势为+1.008，干预后转变为-1.004，斜率产生了-1.012的负向变化。1.38、1.36和1.20的各自比率表明，在引入PPR后，趋势水平立即发生了正向变化。二项式检验显示，各阶段所有参与者的表现均有所改善（p<0.001）。根据先前的研究对结果进行了综述，并讨论了单受试者设计的应用。
