Argudo Francisco Manuel, Ruiz-Barquín Roberto, José Borges Pablo
Department of Physical Education, Sport & Human Movement. Autonomous University of Madrid ( Spain ).
Interfacultative Department of Evolutionary Psychology and Education. Autonomous University of Madrid ( Spain ).
J Hum Kinet. 2016 Dec 15;54:127-133. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0041. eCollection 2016 Dec 1.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of changing the distance of the penalty shot in water polo from 4 to 5 m. While a shorter distance made the penalty shot more effective, it also reduced the use of this sanction. A total of 192 matches played in the 2003 and 2007 Water Polo World Championships were recorded. The sample included 278 penalty shots in both tournaments. Notational analysis using a longitudinal correlational and descriptive design was employed to determine whether a longer distance increased the number of sanctioned penalties (81 vs 197) and caused a non-significant decrease in scoring efficiency (7.4%) with significant differences in the relationship between the area and the type of a shot, with less centre and power shots (14.8% vs 7.1%) observed and predominance of bounce shots to the right of the goal posts. The rule change prompted more penalties, produced changes in shot direction as well as the type of a shot, and yielded a decrement of 7.4% in scoring efficiency.
本研究的目的是确定将水球罚球距离从4米改为5米的影响。虽然较短的距离使罚球更有效，但也减少了这种处罚的使用。记录了2003年和2007年水球世界锦标赛中总共192场比赛。样本包括这两项赛事中的278次罚球。采用纵向相关和描述性设计的记录分析来确定较长的距离是否增加了受处罚罚球的数量（81次对197次），并导致得分效率出现不显著的下降（7.4%），同时在射门区域和类型之间的关系上存在显著差异，观察到中距离射门和大力射门减少（14.8%对7.1%），球门柱右侧反弹球占主导。规则的改变促使更多罚球，导致射门方向以及射门类型发生变化，并使得分效率下降了7.4%。
