Heim E
Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 1998 Sep-Oct;48(9-10):321-37.
After a brief historical introduction the literature that has appeared on coping since the middle eighties is reviewed. Theoretically Lazarus' concept of transactional coping has been developed with focus on emotions. Antonovsky's salutogenesis is considered to be innovative. Methodology is discussed in view of instruments, observers time and perspective and need for qualitative evaluation. Clinically it must be concluded from the many cross-sectional comparisons that diseases with comparable demands call for similar coping. Only in long-term studies can stage-dependent differences of efficacy be detected. Active, tackling coping based on social and emotional resources and problem-analysis is significantly superior to passive coping with social withdrawal, ruminating, resignation and self-accusation. More recently interest in coping is extended to families and caretakers of patients. It is concluded that more corresponding with stress-research is needed, methodology should be adjusted and in view of important intervention strategies evaluation of efficacy is necessary.
在进行简短的历史介绍之后，对自八十年代中期以来出现的有关应对的文献进行了综述。从理论上讲，拉扎勒斯的交易性应对概念是围绕情绪发展而来的。安东诺夫斯基的健康促进理论被认为具有创新性。从工具、观察者、时间、视角以及定性评估的必要性等方面对方法进行了讨论。在临床上，从众多横断面比较中可以得出结论，具有可比需求的疾病需要相似的应对方式。只有在长期研究中才能检测到疗效的阶段依赖性差异。基于社会和情感资源以及问题分析的积极应对明显优于社会退缩、反复思考、听天由命和自我指责等消极应对方式。最近，对应对的关注扩展到了患者的家庭和护理人员。得出的结论是，需要更多与压力研究相对应的内容，应调整方法，并且鉴于重要的干预策略，有必要对疗效进行评估。
