Hall W, Darke S
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998 Sep 1;52(1):71-7. doi: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00044-1.
To determine if there had been an increase in the rate of opioid overdose deaths between 1979 and 1995, and to describe the characteristics of persons who died of an opioid overdose.
Opioid overdose deaths were defined according to ICD-9 as deaths due to drug dependence (codes 304.0 and 304.7) and accidental opiate poisoning (code E850.0). Data were obtained from a national register of deaths compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on: age at death, sex and jurisdiction of all such deaths between 1979 and 1995 inclusive. Mortality rates were calculated for each sex for the 15-24, 25-34 and 35-44 age groups.
The number of opioid overdose deaths rose from 70 in 1979 to 550 in 1995. The rate (per million of the population aged 15-44) increased from 10.7 to 67.0. The increase was more marked among males than females, increasing 6.8 times among males (from 15.3 in 1979 to 104.6 in 1995) and 4.7 times among females (from 5.9 in 1979 to 27.9 in 1995). New South Wales consistently accounted for around a half of all male overdose fatalities and its overdose mortality rate was almost twice that in Victoria, and three times that in the remaining states. The average age at death for males increased from 24.5 years in 1979 to 30.6 years in 1995. The increase in overdose mortality was greatest among men and women aged 35 to 44 years, and 25 and 34 years. An analysis by birth cohort showed that 46% of male overdose deaths and 50% of female overdose deaths in the period occurred among those born between 1960 and 1969. Deaths among persons born between 1950 and 1959 accounted for 38% of male and 33% of female deaths.
There has been a statistically significant increase in opioid overdose mortality between 1979 and 1995, most of it occurring among persons who initiated heroin use in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Recent initiations of heroin use among those born between 1970 and 1979 have begun to be reflected in an increased rate of opioid overdose deaths. If their mortality experience replicates that of earlier birth cohorts then opioid overdose mortality will continue to increase.
确定1979年至1995年间阿片类药物过量致死率是否有所上升，并描述阿片类药物过量致死人员的特征。
根据国际疾病分类第九版（ICD - 9），阿片类药物过量致死定义为因药物依赖（编码304.0和304.7）及意外阿片中毒（编码E850.0）导致的死亡。数据取自澳大利亚统计局编制的全国死亡登记册，内容包括1979年至1995年（含）期间所有此类死亡人员的死亡年龄、性别及所在辖区。计算了15 - 24岁、25 - 34岁和35 - 44岁年龄组中各性别的死亡率。
阿片类药物过量致死人数从1979年的70人增至1995年的550人。（每百万15 - 44岁人口中的）死亡率从10.7升至67.0。男性的增长比女性更显著，男性增长了6.8倍（从1979年的15.3升至1995年的104.6），女性增长了4.7倍（从1979年的5.9升至27.9）。新南威尔士州的男性过量致死人数一直占所有男性过量致死人数的约一半，其过量死亡率几乎是维多利亚州的两倍，是其他州的三倍。男性的平均死亡年龄从1979年的24.5岁增至1995年的30.6岁。过量死亡率增长在35至44岁以及25至34岁的男性和女性中最为显著。按出生队列分析表明，该时期46%的男性过量致死和50%的女性过量致死发生在1960年至1969年出生的人群中。1950年至
