Halton D W, Maule A G, Mair G R, Shaw C
Comparative Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K.
Int J Parasitol. 1998 Oct;28(10):1609-23. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(98)00063-0.
Monogenean neuromuscular systems are structurally and functionally well-differentiated, as evidenced by research on the fish-gill parasite, Diclidophora merlangi. The nervous system in the worm exhibits a raft of putative intercellular signalling molecules, localised in neuronal vesicles. There is cytochemical evidence of co-localisation of neuropeptides and cholinergic substances, with aminergic components generally occupying separate neurons. The phalloidin-fluorescence technique for F-actin has enabled the demonstration of muscle organisation in the worm. Body wall musculature comprises circular, longitudinal and diagonal arrays of myofibres whose contractions are believed to be largely myogenic; circular fibres predominate in the walls of the reproductive tracts. The major somatic muscles are longitudinal muscle bundles that traverse the mesenchyme, the most extensive of which extend from the pharynx to the clamps of the haptor. Experiments have shown that some of these muscles may serve in a withdrawal reflex in the worm, which can be evoked by water turbulence. These and the muscles of the suckers, pharynx, clamps, male copulatory organ and ootype are provided with extensive synaptic innervation that is strongly immunoreactive for FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), suggesting contractions may be neurogenic. Examination of the physiological effects of known flatworm FMRFamide-related peptides on muscle contractility in vitro has shown those FMRFamide-related peptides isolated from turbellarians to be the most excitatory. Results are discussed with respect to neuromuscular function in adhesion, alimentation, and reproduction in the worm.
单殖吸虫的神经肌肉系统在结构和功能上具有良好的分化，对鱼类鳃寄生虫梅氏双盘吸虫的研究证明了这一点。蠕虫的神经系统表现出大量假定的细胞间信号分子，定位于神经小泡中。有细胞化学证据表明神经肽和胆碱能物质共定位，而胺能成分通常占据单独的神经元。用于F-肌动蛋白的鬼笔环肽荧光技术已能够证明蠕虫中的肌肉组织。体壁肌肉组织由肌纤维的环形、纵向和斜向排列组成，其收缩被认为主要是肌源性的；环形纤维在生殖道壁中占主导地位。主要的体肌是穿过间充质的纵向肌束，其中最广泛的从咽部延伸到抱器的夹钳。实验表明，这些肌肉中的一些可能在蠕虫的退缩反射中起作用，这种反射可由水的湍流诱发。吸盘、咽部、夹钳、雄性交配器官和卵模的这些肌肉以及其他肌肉都有广泛的突触神经支配，对FMRF酰胺相关肽（FaRPs）具有强烈的免疫反应性，表明收缩可能是神经源性的。对已知扁形虫FMRF酰胺相关肽对体外肌肉收缩性的生理影响的研究表明，从涡虫中分离出的那些FMRF酰胺相关肽是最具兴奋性的。文中讨论了这些结果与蠕虫在附着、摄食和繁殖中的神经肌肉功能的关系。
