Kelly M E, Fitzgerald S D, Aulerich R J, Balander R J, Powell D C, Stickle R L, Stevens W, Cray C, Tempelman R J, Bursian S J
Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
J Wildl Dis. 1998 Oct;34(4):673-87. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-34.4.673.
Sixteen-bird groups (sexes equal) of adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were orally dosed with eight #4 steel short, eight #4 lead shot, eight BB-size tungsten-iron shot, eight BB-size tungsten-polymer shot, or were sham-dosed and maintained for 30 days (16 January 1996 to 15 February 1996). Half of the lead-dosed ducks (five males, three females) died during the study, whereas no ducks died in the other dosage groups. For lead-dosed ducks, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were decreased on day 15 of the trial, but not on day 30. Delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in lead-dosed ducks was lower when compared to steel-dosed ducks only. Plasma activities of selected enzymes were elevated in lead-dosed ducks when compared to enzyme activities of ducks in the other groups. For lead-dosed ducks, relative heart, liver, and kidney weights increased in comparison to relative weights of those organs of ducks in other groups. Histology of tissues indicated that renal nephrosis accompanied by biliary stasis was present in the eight lead-dosed ducks that died. For the eight lead-dosed ducks that survived, six had mild to severe biliary stasis. Mild biliary stasis was noted in five tungsten-iron dosed ducks and three tungsten-polymer dosed ducks. Amounts of lead in the femur, liver, and kidneys were higher in lead-dosed ducks than in ducks of the other four groups. Small amounts of tungsten were detected in the femur and kidneys of two tungsten-polymer dosed ducks. Higher concentrations of tungsten were detected in the femur, liver, and kidneys of all tungsten-iron dosed ducks. The rate of shot erosion was highest (80%) for the tungsten-polymer shot, followed by tungsten-iron (55%), lead (50%), and steel shot (33%). Results indicated that tungsten-iron or tungsten-polymer shot (8 shot/duck) orally administered to mallards did not adversely affect them during a 30-day trial.
将16只成年野鸭（绿头鸭，雌雄数量相等）分为一组，每组分别经口给予8颗4号钢短弹、8颗4号铅弹、8颗BB尺寸钨铁弹、8颗BB尺寸钨聚合物弹，或进行假给药，并饲养30天（1996年1月16日至1996年2月15日）。在研究过程中，半数铅弹给药组的鸭子（5只雄性，3只雌性）死亡，而其他给药组无鸭子死亡。对于铅弹给药组的鸭子，在试验第15天时血细胞比容和血红蛋白浓度降低，但在第30天时未降低。仅与钢弹给药组鸭子相比，铅弹给药组鸭子的δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶活性较低。与其他组鸭子的酶活性相比，铅弹给药组鸭子的某些选定酶的血浆活性升高。与其他组鸭子的相应器官相对重量相比，铅弹给药组鸭子的心脏、肝脏和肾脏相对重量增加。组织学检查表明，死亡的8只铅弹给药组鸭子存在伴有胆汁淤积的肾坏死。在存活的8只铅弹给药组鸭子中，6只存在轻度至重度胆汁淤积。在5只钨铁弹给药组鸭子和3只钨聚合物弹给药组鸭子中发现轻度胆汁淤积。铅弹给药组鸭子股骨、肝脏和肾脏中的铅含量高于其他四组鸭子。在2只钨聚合物弹给药组鸭子的股骨和肾脏中检测到少量钨。在所有钨铁弹给药组鸭子 的股骨、肝脏和肾脏中检测到较高浓度的钨。钨聚合物弹的弹丸侵蚀率最高（80%），其次是钨铁弹（55%）、铅弹（50%）和钢弹（33%）。结果表明，在为期30天的试验中，经口给野鸭施用钨铁弹或钨聚合物弹（8颗/鸭）对其没有不利影响。
