Outcome measures in spasticity management.

Development of validated and reliable outcome measures for spasticity rehabilitation has been hampered by the difficulty of quantifying functionally important parameters such as pain, ease of care, and mobility. Nonetheless, a combination of measures designed to assess technical and functional outcomes, patient satisfaction, and the cost effectiveness of treatment can be used together to evaluate status and track change in spasticity management, including treatment programs involving botulinum toxin. While double-blind, placebo-controlled studies remain the gold standard for clinical testing, the single-subject design is a useful alternative in many treatment protocols. Because no single tool can measure the many types of changes possible with treatment, the choice of assessment tools must be based on the functional changes expected from the treatment. A wide range of assessment tools are critically reviewed for their sensitivity, reliability, validity, and ease of administration.