Barriers to care among persons living with HIV/AIDS in urban and rural areas.

People living with HIV disease, particularly those in small towns and rural areas, face many barriers that prevent them from receiving important life-care services. We developed the Barriers to Care Scale (BACS) to delineate the problem severity of factors that impede care and service provision among a sample of 226 men and women living with HIV disease in a single midwestern state. Both urban and rural respondents indicated that major barriers to life-care services included the lack of knowledge about HIV among citizens in the community, insufficient personal financial resources, the lack of employment opportunities for people living with HIV, and the lack of supportive and understanding work environments. Rural persons living with HIV disease, compared to their urban counterparts, assigned significantly higher problem severity ratings to the following barriers: the need to travel long distances to medical facilities and personnel; a shortage of adequately trained medical and mental health professionals; a lack of personal or public transportation; and community residents' stigma toward people living with HIV. The large number of barriers to care identified in the present study indicates that innovative programmes designed to remove these barriers and improve the life quality of rural persons living with HIV are urgently needed.