Franck N, Daprati E, Michel F, Saoud M, Daléry J, Marie-Cardine M, Georgieff N
Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS UPR 9075, Bron, France.
Psychiatry Res. 1998 Oct 19;81(1):67-75. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00082-1.
Interpersonal communication is largely dependent on interpretation of facial expression and emotion. Difficulties in face processing, and more specifically in gaze discrimination, have been described in schizophrenic patients. According to Baron-Cohen (Mindblindness. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995), gaze discrimination relies on the functioning of a specific cognitive module, the Eye Direction Detector (EDD). It has been proposed [Rosse et al. (1994) Gaze discrimination in patients with schizophrenia: preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 919-921] that an impairment in gaze discrimination is present in schizophrenia, and plays a fundamental role in inducing the paranoid symptoms reported by many patients. However, in the previous studies, gaze direction detection and interpretation of gaze have never been completely dissociated. The present experiment attempts to test the schizophrenics' skill in a simple gaze direction detection task. A series of photographic portraits of models looking at different directions have been presented to 22 schizophrenic patients and 36 control subjects. For each portrait subjects were asked to determine whether gaze was directed to the right or to the left by pressing a keyboard key. A forced choice paradigm was used. No differences were reported between schizophrenic patients and control subjects. That is, in the present paradigm, schizophrenic patients did not show any specific impairment in detecting the direction of gaze of the portraits. The results are discussed according to the notion that a dissociation is present in schizophrenia between implicit and explicit processes. The present case illustrates how the more automatic elementary functions, such as the detection of gaze direction, may be spared in schizophrenic patients, whereas explicit cognitive functions are likely more affected.
人际沟通在很大程度上依赖于对面部表情和情感的解读。精神分裂症患者存在面部处理困难，尤其是在目光辨别方面。根据巴伦 - 科恩（《心盲》，麻省理工学院出版社，马萨诸塞州剑桥，1995年）的观点，目光辨别依赖于一个特定认知模块——眼睛方向探测器（EDD）的功能。有人提出[罗斯等人（1994年）《精神分裂症患者的目光辨别：初步报告》。《美国精神病学杂志》151卷，919 - 921页]，精神分裂症患者存在目光辨别障碍，并且在引发许多患者报告的偏执症状中起重要作用。然而，在以往的研究中，目光方向检测和目光解读从未完全分离。本实验试图在一个简单的目光方向检测任务中测试精神分裂症患者的技能。向22名精神分裂症患者和36名对照受试者展示了一系列模特看向不同方向的照片肖像。对于每张肖像，要求受试者通过按键盘键来确定目光是指向右侧还是左侧。采用了强制选择范式。精神分裂症患者和对照受试者之间未报告有差异。也就是说，在当前范式中，精神分裂症患者在检测肖像目光方向时未表现出任何特定障碍。根据精神分裂症患者在隐性和显性过程之间存在分离这一观点对结果进行了讨论。本案例说明了精神分裂症患者可能保留了较为自动的基本功能，如目光方向检测，而显性认知功能可能受影响更大。
