Glaser R
Acta Biol Med Ger. 1976;35(6):715-21.
The living cell is considered as a nonideal phase, surrounded by an anion-permeable membrane in a stationary state. Ionic pumps maintain a nonequilibrium state for Na+ and K+. When assuming the water inside and outside the cell to be in thermodynamic equilibrium and the cell without wall not to resist the hydrostatic pressure difference, it is possible to calculate a membrane potential which strongly depends on the concentration of charged nonpenetrating molecules inside the cell. Living cells with a high resting potential should therefore contain a high inner charge density (nerve cells) or must be resistant to an inner hydrostatic pressure (plant cells). Cells in isotonic solutions with low ionic strength are not able to attain a stationary state. The regulations derived here are applied to the concrete conditions of human red cells.
活细胞被视为一个非理想相，被处于静止状态的阴离子通透膜所包围。离子泵维持着Na⁺和K⁺的非平衡状态。当假设细胞内外的水处于热力学平衡且无细胞壁的细胞不抵抗静水压力差时，就有可能计算出一个强烈依赖于细胞内带电非穿透性分子浓度的膜电位。因此，具有高静息电位的活细胞应该含有高的内部电荷密度（神经细胞），或者必须抵抗内部静水压力（植物细胞）。处于低离子强度等渗溶液中的细胞无法达到静止状态。这里推导的规则适用于人类红细胞的具体情况。
