Anderson B C
Caine Veterinary Center, University of Idaho, Caldwell 83605, USA.
J Dairy Sci. 1998 Nov;81(11):3036-41. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75868-0.
Cryptosporidiosis, which is caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and was discovered in mice at the turn of the century, emerged as a frequently reported intestinal disease of animals and humans in the 1980s when its zoonotic potential was recognized. In recent years, the public has become aware of severe cryptosporidiosis because of its incidence in AIDS patients and because of massive outbreaks of cryptosporidial enteritis among the general populace worldwide from contaminated drinking water. Livestock and human wastes that were laden with oocysts of cryptosporidia have been incriminated in some cases. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis of livestock causes a brief diarrheal disease and probably does not hinder lifetime production in most cases. However, serious disease and deaths may sometimes result from complications from other pathogens and various other detrimental factors. Adolescent and adult cattle can carry C. parvum but probably do not shed large numbers of the parasite. However, certain cattle of all ages shed billions of the apparently nonzoonotic Cryptosporidium muris, which also was first discovered in mice around the turn of the century. Cryptosporidium muris infects only the glands of the stomach (abomasum in cattle), usually causes no overt illness, but retards acid production. Protein digestion in the abomasum probably is retarded, and, in fact, milk production in cows that are chronically afflicted with C. muris is reduced about 13%. Growing calves may be adversely affected also. Therefore, as concerns the dairy industry, the discussion of cryptosporidia involves efficient cattle agriculture, public health, and the environment.
隐孢子虫病由微小隐孢子虫引起，于世纪之交在小鼠身上被发现。20世纪80年代，当其人畜共患病潜力被认识到时，它成为一种动物和人类中经常被报道的肠道疾病。近年来，由于艾滋病患者中隐孢子虫病的发病率以及全球普通民众因受污染饮用水而大规模爆发隐孢子虫性肠炎，公众已经开始关注严重的隐孢子虫病。在某些情况下，已认定带有隐孢子虫卵囊的牲畜和人类粪便为病因。牲畜的肠道隐孢子虫病会引发短暂的腹泻疾病，在大多数情况下可能不会影响其一生的生产性能。然而，有时其他病原体的并发症和各种其他有害因素可能导致严重疾病和死亡。青少年和成年牛可以携带微小隐孢子虫，但可能不会大量排出这种寄生虫。然而，所有年龄段的某些牛会排出数十亿个明显不具有人畜共患性的鼠隐孢子虫，这种隐孢子虫也是在世纪之交左右首次在小鼠身上发现的。鼠隐孢子虫仅感染胃腺（牛的皱胃），通常不会引起明显疾病，但会阻碍胃酸分泌。皱胃中的蛋白质消化可能会受到影响，事实上，长期感染鼠隐孢子虫的奶牛产奶量会减少约13%。生长中的小牛也可能受到不利影响。因此，就乳制品行业而言，关于隐孢子虫的讨论涉及高效的养牛业、公共卫生和环境。
