Transplantation of the liver combined with other organs.

Patients suffering from liver failure with other end-stage organ failures may benefit from combined organ transplant procedures. Liver transplantation has been combined with other transplants to treat otherwise-intractable diseases, such as advanced cystic fibrosis, primary hyperoxaluria, and cirrhosis. Multiple organ transplantation may be indicated following the resection of certain upper abdominal malignancies. Combining bone marrow and liver transplantation shows promise in improving the immunological tolerance of the liver graft.