Spiritual nursing interventions.

Oncology, parish, and hospice nurses in the Midwest were surveyed to explore what nursing interventions they implement to enhance the spirituality of clients and how they learned about these interventions. Some 95 spiritual nursing interventions were identified and ranked according to frequency of implementation. The most frequently identified nursing interventions were referral, prayer, active listening, facilitation and validation of clients' feelings and thoughts, conveying acceptance, and instilling hope. The most frequently ranked implemented interventions were communication and religious nursing interventions. Only 15% of the participants indicated that they learned the most about spirituality and spiritual nursing interventions from basic and advanced nursing education combined. Findings support the need for increased emphasis of theoretical and clinical spiritual knowledge in nursing education and the development of a typology of spiritual nursing interventions to direct nurses in enhancing the spirituality of clients and implementing holistic nursing care.