Jaakkola J J, Jaakkola N, Ruotsalainen R
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1993;3 Suppl 1:129-42.
The objective of our study was to assess the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in relation to dampness and molds in dwellings in pre-school children. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out by mailing a parent-administered questionnaire to a random sample of children in a source population consisting of all children aged 1 to 6 years of Espoo, an urban-suburban city (pop. 170,000) in the Helsinki metropolitan area. The study population included a total of 2568 children whose parents filled the questionnaire (response rate 80%). Included were questions on respiratory health, partly modified from ATS-DLD-78-C questionnaire, and potential personal and environmental determinants of the outcome. The determinants of interest were histories of water damage, presence of moisture and visible molds and perceived mold odor at home. The outcomes included persistent cough, phlegm and wheezing, persistent nasal congestion and excretion during the past 12 months and current asthma. The determinant-outcome relations were estimated in the logistic regression controlling for age, gender, parents' education, single parent or guardian, environmental tobacco smoke, gas cooking, pets and type of day care. The occurrence of persistent cough (OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.39, 3.39), phlegm (2.20; 1.27, 3.82), wheezing (2.62; 1.39, 4.39), nasal congestion (1.94; 1.15, 4.98), and nasal excretion (1.43; 0.95, 2.17) during the past year were higher with the presence of any determinant, but the occurrence of asthma (OR 1.10; 0.54, 2.24) was similar compared to the reference group. Mold odor during the past year (ORs from 2.38 to 6.87) and water damage over a year ago (ORs from 2.54 to 8.67) had the strongest association with the respiratory symptoms. A dose-response relation of the occurrence of the symptoms associated with the frequency of days with mold odor was observed. There was also a compatible time sequence between water damage taking place more than a year ago and the occurrence of symptoms during the past year. The results provide further evidence on the importance of home dampness and molds in the etiology of respiratory symptoms and new information on the role of mold odor as a risk indicator.
我们研究的目的是评估学龄前儿童居住环境中的潮湿和霉菌与呼吸道症状发生之间的关系。我们开展了一项基于人群的横断面研究，通过向埃斯波市（赫尔辛基大都市区的一个城乡结合部城市，人口17万）1至6岁所有儿童构成的源人群中的随机样本邮寄一份由家长填写的问卷来进行。研究人群包括2568名儿童，其家长填写了问卷（应答率80%）。问卷包含有关呼吸健康的问题，部分改编自ATS-DLD-78-C问卷，以及该结果潜在的个人和环境决定因素。感兴趣的决定因素包括水损史、家中潮湿和可见霉菌的存在以及可感知的霉菌气味。结果包括过去12个月内的持续性咳嗽、咳痰和喘息、持续性鼻充血和流涕以及当前哮喘。在对年龄、性别、父母教育程度、单亲或监护人、环境烟草烟雾、燃气烹饪、宠物和日托类型进行控制的逻辑回归中估计决定因素与结果之间的关系。过去一年中，存在任何一种决定因素时，持续性咳嗽（比值比2.17；95%置信区间1.39，3.39）、咳痰（2.20；1.27，3.82）、喘息（2.62；1.39，4.39）、鼻充血（1.94；1.15，4.98）和鼻流涕（1.43；0.95，2.17）的发生率更高，但哮喘的发生率（比值比1.10；0.54，2.24）与参照组相似。过去一年中的霉菌气味（比值比从2.38至6.87）和一年多以前的水损（比值比从2.54至8.67）与呼吸道症状的关联最强。观察到与有霉菌气味天数频率相关的症状发生存在剂量反应关系。一年多以前发生的水损与过去一年中症状的发生之间也存在一致的时间顺序。这些结果为家庭潮湿和霉菌在呼吸道症状病因学中的重要性提供了进一步证据，并为霉菌气味作为风险指标的作用提供了新信息。
