[Infections by Candida and cryptococci].

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced dramatically the incidence of mucosal candidiasis and cryptococcosis in AIDS patients. Fluconazole is the drug of choice for candidiasis. The duration of antifungal treatment is based on response, but typically 7 to 14 days are required for oropharyngeal forms and up to 21 days for esophageal disease (200 the first day and 100 mg thereafter). Resistant candidiasis tends to occur in persons with advanced HIV disease and previous fluconazole therapy who have been noted to result in clinical improvement with HAART. HAART must be considered the therapy of choice for refractory candidiasis. The preferred treatment for cryptococcal meningitis includes two weeks induction treatment with amphotericin B (0.7 mg/kg/d IV) with or without flucytosine (25 mg/kg qid) followed by 8 weeks of fluconazole (200-400 mg PO qd). Long-term maintenance therapy with fluconazole (200-400 mg PO qd) is required to prevent relapses. In patients with elevated intracranial pressure who had focal neurologic deficits or mental status changes, serial lumbar punctures should be performed. In refractory cases the immediate placement of CSF drains must be considered.