Halpern B P
Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1998;23(1):5-47. doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00063-8.
Amiloride at < or = 1 microM may block epithelial Na+ channels without affecting other cellular mechanisms, and attenuates gustatory responses to lingual NaCl from the chorda tympani nerves (CT) of gerbil, hamster, rhesus monkey, and several strains of laboratory rat and mouse, and from glossopharyngeally innervated frog taste-receptor cells; at 5 microM to 50 microM, also from Wistar rat and mongrel dog CT. Affected units responded more to NaCl than to KCl. Suppression of CT responses to KCl, HCl, NH4Cl, or saccharides also occurred in some mammals, but amiloride did not elicit responses. Taste-dependent behaviors towards NaCl or KCl were altered. DBA and 129/J laboratory mice, and mudpuppy, were unaffected by amiloride. In humans, 10 microM amiloride both produced taste reports and reduced total intensity of NaCl and LiCl by 15-20%. NaCl and LiCl sourness, and KCl and QHCl bitterness declined, but saltiness generally did not change. Effects on sweetness were inconsistent. Amiloride-sensitive gustatory mechanisms were prominent in some mammals, were not necessary for responses to NaCl, and were of minor importance for human taste.
浓度小于或等于1微摩尔的氨氯吡咪可能会阻断上皮钠离子通道，而不影响其他细胞机制，并减弱沙鼠、仓鼠、恒河猴以及几种实验大鼠和小鼠品系的鼓索神经（CT）对舌面氯化钠的味觉反应，以及来自舌咽神经支配的青蛙味觉受体细胞对氯化钠的味觉反应；浓度为5微摩尔至50微摩尔时，也会减弱Wistar大鼠和杂种犬鼓索神经的味觉反应。受影响的神经元对氯化钠的反应比对氯化钾的反应更强烈。在一些哺乳动物中，鼓索神经对氯化钾、盐酸、氯化铵或糖类的反应也受到抑制，但氨氯吡咪不会引发反应。对氯化钠或氯化钾的味觉依赖性行为发生了改变。DBA和129/J实验小鼠以及泥螈不受氨氯吡咪影响。在人类中，10微摩尔的氨氯吡咪既会产生味觉报告，又会使氯化钠和氯化锂的总强度降低15%至20%。氯化钠和氯化锂的酸味以及氯化钾和盐酸奎宁的苦味降低，但咸味通常不变。对甜味的影响并不一致。氨氯吡咪敏感的味觉机制在一些哺乳动物中很突出，对氯化钠的反应并非必需，对人类味觉的重要性较小。
