Bradbury M
Disasters. 1998 Dec;22(4):328-38. doi: 10.1111/1467-7717.00096.
Developmental relief has become the central doctrine of 'good practice' in humanitarian responses to complex political emergencies. This is despite the fact that a proliferation of such emergencies reflects a failure of development for people in those countries in crisis. Drawing on case study material from Sudan, Somalia, Rwanda and Uganda, this paper challenges assumptions made about the efficacy of developmental relief models in complex emergencies. The trend towards developmental relief practices coincides with an increasing acceptance of higher levels of humanitarian distress in Africa. Myths of aid dependency and the pursuit of sustainable programming in the midst of war are linked to a global reduction in aid. The mantra of 'local solutions to local problems' locates the causes of crises firmly within those societies in crisis. It provides a premise for international disengagement, and the denial of international responsibility for the genesis and prolongation of humanitarian crises in Africa. Assigning solutions to the poor, the marginalised and victimised through enhanced 'participation' and local financing of services sustains a myth that development is occurring, when in fact levels of distress are rising.
发展救援已成为应对复杂政治紧急情况的人道主义行动中“良好做法”的核心原则。尽管事实上这类紧急情况的激增反映出危机国家中人民的发展失败。本文借鉴苏丹、索马里、卢旺达和乌干达的案例研究材料，对关于发展救援模式在复杂紧急情况中的效力的假设提出质疑。发展救援做法的趋势与非洲对更高程度人道主义困境的日益接受相吻合。援助依赖的神话以及在战争期间追求可持续方案规划与全球援助减少有关。“地方问题地方解决”的口头禅将危机的根源坚定地定位在那些危机社会内部。它为国际脱离接触提供了前提，并否认国际社会对非洲人道主义危机的产生和延续负有责任。通过加强“参与”和地方服务融资将解决方案交给穷人和边缘化及受伤害群体，维持了一种发展正在发生的神话，而实际上困境程度正在上升。
