Respiratory complications of gastrointestinal diseases.

Further advances in the ability to diagnose GER disease by use of ambulatory pH monitoring have unveiled a host of extraesophageal manifestations of GERD. These include pulmonary symptoms of asthma, recurrent pneumonia, cough or bronchitis, and infant apnea. Many of these symptoms may be the sole presentations of GER in these patients. It is important that the clinician is aware of these atypical presentations of GERD. The expanding use of ambulatory pH monitoring is helping to clarify the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders as well as to improve the ability to diagnose the atypical manifestations of GERD.