Kiser L J, Ostoja E, Pruitt D B
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA.
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 1998 Jan;7(1):87-103, viii-ix.
Traditional models of individual adaptation to stress increasingly are being supplemented with family-based conceptualizations of stress appraisal, coping, and resiliency. This article begins with a brief description of a theoretic framework for understanding how families evaluate stressors and their own coping resources and how this process guides their response to stress. Characteristics associated with successful family adaptation to stress then are outlined in relation to a number of both normative and unexpected stressors. Most families at some point experience stress in the context of normative transitions, such as changes in family composition through birth, maturation, or family break-up. Severe unexpected stressors that place significant strain on family functioning include serious illness, death, violence, and both natural and man-made disasters. Recommendations for therapeutic interventions with families are provided.
传统的个体应激适应模型越来越多地被基于家庭的应激评估、应对和恢复力概念化所补充。本文首先简要描述一个理论框架，以理解家庭如何评估应激源及其自身的应对资源，以及这个过程如何指导他们对应激的反应。然后，针对一些规范性和意外性应激源，概述与家庭成功适应应激相关的特征。大多数家庭在某些时候会在规范性转变的背景下经历应激，例如通过出生、成熟或家庭破裂导致家庭组成的变化。给家庭功能带来巨大压力的严重意外应激源包括重病、死亡、暴力以及自然和人为灾害。文中还提供了针对家庭治疗干预的建议。
