Theoretical and treatment issues of personality disorders in individualistic and collectivistic societies.

The author will attempt to equate so-called personality disorders with what used to be called psychoneurosis. Some suggestions for theoretical and technical modifications to apply psychoanalysis and psychotherapy on selective cases within the current managed care environment have been offered. In order to develop a comprehensive and effective psychotherapy system, a collaboration of psychotherapists both in collectivistic and individualistic societies is highly desirable. Furthermore, the differences of personality disorder and neurosis in both social structure are either minimal or insignificant from a psychotherapeutic point of view.