Lulich J P, Osborne C A, Thumchai R, Lekcharoensuk C, Ulrich L K, Koehler L A, Bird K A, Swanson L L, Nakagawa Y
Minnesota Urolith Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1999 Jan;29(1):113-22, xi. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(99)50007-7.
Calcium oxalate uroliths are most commonly encountered in Miniature Schnauzers, Lhaso Apsos, Yorkshire Terriers, Bichons Frises, Shih Tzus, and Miniature Poodles. They are more common in males than females, and more common in older than young dogs. Dogs that form abnormal nephrocalcin are also predisposed to calcium oxalate uroliths. Dietary risk factors for calcium oxalate uroliths include excessive calcium supplementation or excessive calcium restriction, excessive oxalic acid, high protein, high sodium, restricted phosphorus, restricted potassium, and restricted moisture (dry formulations). Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or hypercalcemia are predisposed to calcium oxalate urolith formation.
草酸钙尿石症最常见于迷你雪纳瑞犬、拉萨犬、约克夏梗、卷毛比雄犬、西施犬和迷你贵宾犬。在雄性犬中比雌性犬更常见，在老年犬中比幼犬更常见。形成异常肾钙素的犬也易患草酸钙尿石症。草酸钙尿石症的饮食风险因素包括钙补充过量或钙限制过度、草酸过量、高蛋白、高钠、磷限制、钾限制和水分限制（干粮配方）。患有肾上腺皮质功能亢进或高钙血症的犬易患草酸钙尿石形成。
