Concurrent modification of incorrect responses and off-task behaviors occurring during articulation instruction.

Incorrect articulation responses and inappropriate off-task behaviors occurring during programmed articulation instruction were concurrently modified by the presentation of an identical punishing stimulus for both groups of behaviors or by the presentation of different punishing stimuli for each group of behaviors. Results indicated that both procedures were equally effective in reducing both groups of undesirable behaviors. The nature of the relationship between articulation responses and off-task behaviors is discussed in detail, especially in terms of behavioral covariation.