Costello J, Ferrer J
J Commun Disord. 1976 Mar;9(1):43-61. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(76)90029-0.
A comparison was made between the effects of punishment combined with positive reinforcement and reinforcement alone for the reduction of incorrect articulation responses. Three different punishers (a buzzer, response cost, and "No!") were studied for six young children while they were receiving programmed articulation instruction. The results indicated (1) that punishment in combination with positive reinforcement was generally more effective than positive reinforcement alone; (2) that whether or not a particular stimulus acted as a punisher could be determined only be empirical demonstration; and (3) that the introduction of punishment contingencies did not produce increased rates of disruptive, off-task behaviors. Conversely, off-task behaviors tended to increase in rate when punishement contingencies for articulation responses were removed.
为减少不正确的发音反应，对惩罚与正强化相结合的效果和单独使用正强化的效果进行了比较。在六名幼儿接受程序化发音指导时，研究了三种不同的惩罚方式（蜂鸣器、反应代价和“不！”）。结果表明：（1）惩罚与正强化相结合通常比单独使用正强化更有效；（2）只有通过实证证明才能确定某一特定刺激是否起到惩罚作用；（3）引入惩罚性意外情况不会导致干扰性的、偏离任务行为的发生率增加。相反，当去除发音反应的惩罚性意外情况时，偏离任务行为的发生率往往会增加。
