Torre-Bueno J R
J Exp Biol. 1976 Oct;65(2):471-82. doi: 10.1242/jeb.65.2.471.
Core and skin temperature were measured by radiotelemetry in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during 30 min flights in a wind tunnel. Core temperature was independent of ambient temperature from 0 to 28 degrees C. The temporal mean of the monitored core temperature during flight was 42-7 degrees C in one bird and 44-0 degrees C in another. These temperatures are 2-4 degrees C higher than the resting temperature in starlings, and are among the highest steady-state temperatures observed in any animal. Skin temperature on the breast was within a few degrees of core temperature. In some locations skin temperature was higher at low ambient temperatures than at intermediate ambient temperatures. An analysis of the data shows that a high core temperature does not function as an aid to head dissipation. On the contrary, insulation is adjusted to maintain a high temperature, presumably because it is necessary for flight. The increase in skin temperature at low ambient temperatures is believed to be a result of a decrease in heat flow through the breast feathers brought about by feather adjustments, to compensate for an unavoidable increase in heat flow in unfeathered or poorly feathered parts of the body.
通过无线电遥测技术在风洞中对椋鸟（家八哥）进行30分钟飞行期间的核心体温和体表温度进行了测量。核心体温在0至28摄氏度的环境温度范围内不受环境温度影响。在一只鸟飞行期间监测到的核心体温的时间平均值为42.7摄氏度，另一只为44.0摄氏度。这些温度比椋鸟的静息体温高2至4摄氏度，并且是在任何动物中观察到的最高稳态温度之一。胸部的体表温度与核心体温相差几度。在某些部位，低温环境下的体表温度高于中等环境温度下的体表温度。对数据的分析表明，较高的核心体温并非有助于散热。相反，通过调节隔热来维持高温，大概是因为飞行需要这样。低温环境下体表温度的升高被认为是由于羽毛调整导致通过胸部羽毛的热流减少，以补偿身体未被羽毛覆盖或羽毛较少部位不可避免增加的热流。
