Torre-Bueno J R
J Exp Biol. 1978 Aug;75:231-6. doi: 10.1242/jeb.75.1.231.
The rate of evaporative cooling was calculated from the rate of mass loss in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during 90 min flights in a wind-tunnel. Evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% of the metabolic rate at -5 degrees C to 19% of the metabolic rate at 29 degrees C. Radiation and convection accounted for the balance of the heat loss. On average, starlings dehydrated during flights at all temperatures above 7 degrees C. The comparison of these results with data from field studies, which indicate that long-distance migrants do not dehydrate, suggests that migrants may maintain water balance by ascending to colder air in which convection carries off most of the heat produced.
通过测量椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）在风洞中90分钟飞行过程中的质量损失率，计算出蒸发冷却速率。蒸发散热占代谢率的比例在-5摄氏度时为5%，在29摄氏度时为19%。辐射和对流构成了其余的热量损失。平均而言，在7摄氏度以上的所有温度下飞行时，椋鸟都会脱水。将这些结果与野外研究数据进行比较，野外研究表明长途迁徙鸟类不会脱水，这表明迁徙鸟类可能通过升至较冷空气层来维持水平衡，在较冷空气层中，对流带走了大部分产生的热量。
