Nelson D L, Reed V S, Walling J R
J Exp Psychol Hum Learn. 1976 Sep;2(5):523-8.
Pictures generally show superior recognition relative to their verbal labels. This experiment was designed to link this pictorial superiority effect to sensory or meaning codes associated with the two types of symbols. Paired-associate stimuli consisted of simple pictures or of their labels, with list items selected either from the same conceptual category or from different conceptual categories. In addition, schematic or visual similarity among the pictures was either high or low. At two rates of presentation equal amounts of conceptual interference were produced for pictures and their labels. High schematic similarity eliminated the pictorial superiority effects at the slow rate and completely reversed it at the fast rate. These results suggest that the meaning representations for simple pictures and their labels may be identical, and that the pictorial superiority effect is related to the qualitative superiority of the sensory codes for pictures.
相对于文字标签，图片通常表现出更高的识别度。本实验旨在将这种图片优势效应与两种符号相关的感觉或意义编码联系起来。配对联想刺激由简单图片或其标签组成，列表项目要么选自相同概念类别，要么选自不同概念类别。此外，图片之间的示意性或视觉相似性要么高要么低。在两种呈现速率下，图片及其标签产生了等量的概念干扰。高示意性相似性在慢速呈现时消除了图片优势效应，在快速呈现时则完全逆转了这种效应。这些结果表明，简单图片及其标签的意义表征可能是相同的，并且图片优势效应与图片感觉编码的质性优势有关。
