Pitten F A, Müller G, König P, Schmidt D, Thurow K, Kramer A
Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany.
Sci Total Environ. 1999 Feb 9;226(2-3):237-45. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00400-8.
Organoarsenic-based chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as the sternutators diphenylchloroarsine (CLARK I), diphenylcyanoarsine (CLARK II) or phenyldichloroarsine (PFIFFIKUS) still pose a notable risk in countries where former military bases that have stored these weapons have not yet been reclaimed. In fact, this is the case for many countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS. One of the most important military bases of the former Third Reich, the Heeresmunitionsanstalt I and II, is situated close to the German-Polish border at Loecknitz (Fig. 1). The German army stored and decanted different compounds of CWAs at this military base until 1945. When the Soviet Army destroyed the base in 1946, large amounts of CWAs and other organoarsenic compounds polluted the soil. Today up to 250 g (!) of arsenic may be found in 1 kg of soil at some places in this area. Since 1991, a Government Working Group has been working on the risk assessment in order to define the scope of reclamation measures. This study investigates the contamination and the uptake of arsenic by plants because little is known about the bioavailability and metabolism of sternutators and their constituents. The total arsenic concentration of nine different species of terrestrial plants with at least six samples per species is presented. In spite of the considerable arsenic contamination of the soil (mean value 923 mg arsenic/kg soil) the plant contamination remained comparably low. The median value of arsenic contamination of the above-ground organs of velvet grass, Holcus lanatus, was 0.7 mg/kg dry wt. and the mean value was 4.3 mg/kg dry wt. due to some highly contaminated samples. The highest arsenic concentration registered was 26 mg/kg dry wt. in a sample of H. lanatus, which was most probably caused by soil particles adhering to the plant. The chemical structure of the arsenic compounds carried by the above-ground plant organs has been determined by gas chromatographic investigations and showed an uptake of triphenyl arsine by the plants.
基于有机砷的化学战剂（CWA），如喷嚏剂二苯基氯胂（克拉克I）、二苯基氰胂（克拉克II）或苯基二氯胂（普菲菲库斯），在那些储存过这些武器的旧军事基地尚未得到整治的国家，仍然构成显著风险。事实上，东欧和独联体的许多国家都是这种情况。前第三帝国最重要的军事基地之一，陆军弹药库I和II，位于德国与波兰边境附近的勒克尼茨（图1）。直到1945年，德国军队一直在这个军事基地储存和调配不同的化学战剂化合物。1946年苏联军队摧毁该基地时，大量的化学战剂和其他有机砷化合物污染了土壤。如今，在该地区的一些地方，每1千克土壤中可能含有多达250克（！）的砷。自1991年以来，一个政府工作小组一直在进行风险评估，以确定整治措施的范围。本研究调查了植物对砷的污染和吸收情况，因为对于喷嚏剂及其成分的生物有效性和代谢情况知之甚少。给出了9种不同陆生植物的总砷浓度，每种植物至少有6个样本。尽管土壤中的砷污染相当严重（平均值为923毫克砷/千克土壤），但植物的污染程度仍然相对较低。绒毛草地上部分砷污染的中位数为0.7毫克/千克干重，平均值为4.3毫克/千克干重，这是由于一些样本受到高度污染所致。在绒毛草的一个样本中记录到的最高砷浓度为26毫克/千克干重，这很可能是由于土壤颗粒附着在植物上造成的。通过气相色谱研究确定了地上植物器官携带的砷化合物的化学结构，结果表明植物吸收了三苯基胂。
