Garfield R, Devin J, Fausey J
International Nursing, School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Bull N Y Acad Med. 1995 Winter;72(2):454-69.
Embargoes and sanctions are tools of foreign policy. They can induce a decline in economic activity in addition to reducing imports and untoward health effects can supervene, especially among older persons and those with chronic illnesses. Often, violations of the rights of life, health, social services, and protection of human dignity occur among innocent civilians in embargoed nations. This paper examines the effects of embargoes and sanctions against several nations, and calls for studies to determine ways in which economic warfare might be guided by the rule of humanitarian international law, to reduce the effects on civilians. It suggests that the ability to trade in exempted goods and services should be improved, perhaps by establishing uniform criteria and definitions for exemptions, operational criteria under which sanctions committees might function, and methods for monitoring the impact of sanctions on civilian populations in targeted states, particularly with regard to water purity, food availability, and infectious-disease control. Prospective studies are advocated, to generate the data needed to provide better information and monitoring capacity than presently exists.
禁运和制裁是外交政策的工具。它们除了减少进口外，还会导致经济活动下降，而且可能会产生不良健康影响，尤其是在老年人和慢性病患者中。在被禁运国家的无辜平民中，侵犯生命权、健康权、社会服务权和人类尊严的保护权的情况经常发生。本文研究了针对几个国家的禁运和制裁的影响，并呼吁开展研究，以确定如何在国际人道主义法规则的指导下进行经济战，以减少对平民的影响。它建议或许可以通过为豁免制定统一的标准和定义、制裁委员会运作的操作标准以及监测制裁对目标国家平民人口影响的方法，特别是在水纯度、食品供应和传染病控制方面，来提高交易豁免商品和服务的能力。提倡进行前瞻性研究，以生成所需数据，从而提供比目前更好的信息和监测能力。
