Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman City, Iran.
Faculty of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman City, Iran.
BMC Public Health. 2024 Aug 17;24(1):2242. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19750-w.
Economic sanctions are defined as restrictions imposed by other countries against individuals, groups, or governments of other countries. These sanctions have a detrimental impact on the economies of countries and can also limit access to healthcare services for people as a secondary consequence. This study aims to systematically review the literature to examine the direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on health through a narrative synthesis.
This systematic literature review was limited to papers published between January 1990 and July 2023. Relevant documents published in English and Persian were searched for in databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Irandoc. The direct and indirect effects of sanctions on health were classified using two frameworks proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO): the Health System Building Blocks and "Social Determinants of Health".
Out of a total of 18,219 articles, 59 were selected based on inclusion criteria. The effects of sanctions were divided into direct and indirect groups. Direct effects encompassed seven main themes: access to essential medicine, medical products, vaccines and technologies; financing; health workforce; service delivery; research and health information systems; health outcomes; and financial risk protection. Indirect effects also were classified into six main themes: socioeconomic status; food and agricultural products; stress; early life conditions; high-risk behaviors and addiction; and transport. Most studies focused on the access to medicines, food, economic and social status.
Economic sanctions have had profoundly negative impacts on all aspects of the healthcare system. The international community must address these effects on health and take necessary measures to prevent or mitigate them, particularly in ensuring the provision of basic and essential healthcare needs for individuals and communities.
经济制裁是指其他国家对个人、团体或其他国家的政府实施的限制。这些制裁对各国经济造成了不利影响，也可能限制人们获得医疗服务，这是其带来的次要后果。本研究旨在通过叙述性综合方法系统地审查文献，以研究经济制裁对健康的直接和间接影响。
本系统综述仅限于 1990 年 1 月至 2023 年 7 月期间发表的论文。在 Cochrane 图书馆、PubMed、Embase、Scopus、Web of Science、SID、Magiran 和 Irandoc 等数据库中搜索了以英文和波斯文发表的相关文件。制裁对健康的直接和间接影响使用世界卫生组织（WHO）提出的两个框架进行分类：卫生系统构建模块和“健康的社会决定因素”。
共检索到 18219 篇文章，其中 59 篇符合纳入标准。制裁的影响分为直接和间接两组。直接影响包括七个主要主题：获得基本药物、医疗产品、疫苗和技术；融资；卫生人力；服务提供；研究和卫生信息系统；健康结果；和财务风险保护。间接影响也分为六个主要主题：社会经济地位；食品和农产品；压力；早期生活条件；高危行为和成瘾；和交通。大多数研究都集中在获得药品、食品、经济和社会地位方面。
经济制裁对医疗保健系统的各个方面都产生了深远的负面影响。国际社会必须解决这些对健康的影响，并采取必要措施加以预防或减轻，特别是要确保个人和社区获得基本和必要的医疗保健需求。
