Hogge J P, Palmer C H, Muller C C, Little S T, Smith D C, Fatouros P P, de Paredes E S
Department of Radiology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
Radiographics. 1999 Mar-Apr;19(2):503-22. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.19.2.g99mr13503.
Evaluation of mammograms for artifacts is essential for mammographic quality assurance. A variety of mammographic artifacts (i.e., variations in mammographic density not caused by true attenuation differences) can occur and can create pseudolesions or mask true abnormalities. Many artifacts are readily identified, whereas others present a true diagnostic challenge. Factors that create artifacts may be related to the processor (eg, static, dirt or excessive developer buildup on the rollers, excessive roller pressure, damp film, scrapes and scratches, incomplete fixing, power failure, contaminated developer), the technologist (eg, improper film handling and loading, improper use of the mammography unit and related equipment, positioning and darkroom errors), the mammography unit (eg, failure of the collimation mirror to rotate, grid inhomogeneity, failure of the reciprocating grid to move, material in the tube housing, compression failure, improper alignment of the compression paddle with the Bucky tray, defective compression paddle), or the patient (e.g., motion, superimposed objects or substances [jewelry, body parts, clothing, hair, implanted medical devices, foreign bodies, substances on the skin]). Familiarity with the broad range of artifacts and the measures required to eliminate them is vital. Careful attention to darkroom cleanliness, care in film handling, regularly scheduled processor maintenance and chemical replenishment, daily quality assurance activities, and careful attention to detail during patient positioning and mammography can reduce or eliminate most mammographic artifacts.
对乳腺钼靶图像伪影进行评估对乳腺钼靶质量保证至关重要。乳腺钼靶可能会出现多种伪影（即并非由真正的衰减差异导致的乳腺钼靶密度变化），这些伪影可能会产生假病变或掩盖真正的异常情况。许多伪影很容易识别，而其他一些则带来真正的诊断挑战。产生伪影的因素可能与处理器（如静电、污垢、滚筒上显影剂堆积过多、滚筒压力过大、胶片潮湿、刮擦痕迹、定影不完全、停电、显影剂受污染）、技术人员（如胶片处理和装载不当、乳腺摄影设备及相关设备使用不当、定位和暗室操作失误）、乳腺摄影设备（如准直镜无法旋转、滤线栅不均匀、往复式滤线栅无法移动、管套内有异物、压迫失败、压迫板与滤线器托盘对准不当、压迫板有缺陷）或患者（如移动、叠加的物体或物质[首饰、身体部位、衣物、头发、植入式医疗设备、异物、皮肤上的物质]）有关。熟悉各种伪影及其消除所需措施至关重要。注意暗室清洁、小心处理胶片、定期进行处理器维护和化学补充、每日进行质量保证活动以及在患者定位和乳腺摄影过程中仔细关注细节，可减少或消除大多数乳腺钼靶伪影。
