Bronner Y L, Gross S M, Caulfield L, Bentley M E, Kessler L, Jensen J, Weathers B, Paige D M
Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Md., USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Apr;99(4):457-61. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00112-1.
To compare infant feeding practices among low-income, urban, African-American women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) with current recommendations for infant feeding.
Longitudinal follow-up of women and their infants who participated in a WIC-based breast-feeding promotion project. Women enrolled prenatally at or before 24 weeks of gestation were followed up until 16 weeks postpartum.
SUBJECTS/SETTING: Two hundred seventeen African-American WIC participants in an urban area.
Data related to infant feeding practices were collected by interviewers who used a structured questionnaire to determine when nonmilk liquids or solids were introduced to the infant. Reported practices were compared with current recommendations.
Contingency table analysis, including chi 2 tests, and multivariate analysis using logistic regression.
By 7 to 10 days postpartum, approximately a third of infants were receiving some nonmilk liquids or solids; this escalated to 77% by 8 weeks and 93% by 16 weeks postpartum. Women breast-feeding exclusively (i.e., not adding nonmilk liquids or solids) were least likely, and women providing mixed feeding (breast milk and formula) were more likely, than women feeding formula exclusively to introduce nonmilk liquids and solids at each data collection time period.
APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: WIC participants who receive instruction about infant feeding nutrition are no more likely than mothers who do not participate in WIC to follow infant feeding guidelines recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in regard to the time when solids should be introduced to infants' diet. Our findings suggest the need for WIC to implement more powerful and innovative educational and motivational strategies to help mothers delay the introduction of nonmilk liquids and solid foods until their infants are 4 to 6 months old, as recommended.
比较参加妇女、婴儿和儿童特别补充营养计划（WIC）的低收入城市非裔美国妇女的婴儿喂养方式与当前婴儿喂养建议。
对参与基于WIC的母乳喂养促进项目的妇女及其婴儿进行纵向随访。在妊娠24周或之前进行产前登记的妇女被随访至产后16周。
研究对象/地点：城市地区的217名非裔美国WIC参与者。
由访员收集与婴儿喂养方式相关的数据，访员使用结构化问卷来确定何时给婴儿引入非奶类液体或固体食物。将报告的喂养方式与当前建议进行比较。
列联表分析，包括卡方检验，以及使用逻辑回归的多变量分析。
产后7至10天，约三分之一的婴儿开始摄入一些非奶类液体或固体食物；到产后8周，这一比例升至77%，到产后16周则升至93%。在每个数据收集时间段，纯母乳喂养（即不添加非奶类液体或固体食物）的妇女引入非奶类液体和固体食物的可能性最小，而混合喂养（母乳和配方奶）的妇女比纯配方奶喂养的妇女更有可能引入这些食物。
应用/结论：接受婴儿喂养营养指导的WIC参与者在给婴儿饮食中引入固体食物的时间方面，并不比未参加WIC的母亲更有可能遵循美国儿科学会推荐的婴儿喂养指南。我们的研究结果表明，WIC需要实施更有力、更具创新性的教育和激励策略，以帮助母亲按照建议将引入非奶类液体和固体食物的时间推迟到婴儿4至6个月大时。
