Woolf D A
Personnel. 1978 Sep-Oct;55(5):70-8.
Some managers find awards of arbitrators "arbitrary, capricious, and discriminatory", Donald A. Woolf believes, however, that a knowledge of decisional criteria used by arbitrators can help managers to understand how they reason. Among the criteria discussed are the de minimus rule, the major/minor test, promissory estoppel, parol evidence, contract language, past practice, "clean hands", and the punishment fitting the crime (equity). Such knowledge can also help managers avoid actions that are likely to lead to grievances in addition to planning a course of action to avoid grievances going to arbitration in the future.
唐纳德·A·伍尔夫认为，一些管理者觉得仲裁员的裁决“武断、任性且带有歧视性”，然而，了解仲裁员所使用的决策标准有助于管理者理解他们的推理方式。所讨论的标准包括最低限度规则、主次检验、允诺禁反言、口头证据、合同语言、过往惯例、“清白”以及罪罚相当（衡平法）。这类知识不仅有助于管理者规划行动方案以避免未来的申诉进入仲裁程序，还能帮助他们避免可能引发申诉的行为。
