Koyama S, Okamoto T, Yoshizawa M, Kumamoto M
J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1976 Sep;5(1):51-60.
This paper is concerned with the electromyographic analyses of the pronunciation of English consonants as pronounced by a native speaker, a well-trained Japanese, and an untrained Japanese. Six muscles related to movement of the lips and the mandible were tested. The three-paired English words (right--light, she--see, and thank--sank) were selected, as they include consonants that are very difficult for Japanese to pronounce or distinguish correctly when heard. Electromyographic results obtained for the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese indicated light pouting of the lips during the preparatory period for pronouncing [r], raising of the upper lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [sh] and [th], and a downward spreading of the lower lip from the preparatory period in the pronouncing of [l] and [s]. The untrained Japanese subject was given individual and intensive training for several hours with a technique based on electromyographic observation results. Following this, the subject showed improvement in pronouncing the consonants, with the exception of [sh] which the subject had learned to pronounce at a language school. The electromyograms of the subject approached those of the native speaker and the well-trained Japanese.
本文关注以英语为母语者、训练有素的日本人以及未经训练的日本人所发英语辅音的肌电图分析。测试了与嘴唇和下颌运动相关的六块肌肉。选择了三对英语单词（right-light、she-see和thank-sank），因为它们包含日本人发音或正确辨别时非常困难的辅音。以英语为母语者和训练有素的日本人的肌电图结果表明，在发[r]音的准备阶段嘴唇微微撅起，发[sh]和[th]音时上唇从准备阶段开始抬起，发[l]和[s]音时下唇从准备阶段开始向下伸展。对未经训练的日本受试者基于肌电图观察结果进行了数小时的个别强化训练。此后，该受试者除了在语言学校学过发音的[sh]音外，辅音发音有了改善。该受试者的肌电图接近以英语为母语者和训练有素的日本人的肌电图。
