Letchworth G J, Rodriguez L L, Del cbarrera J
Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA.
Vet J. 1999 May;157(3):239-60. doi: 10.1053/tvjl.1998.0303.
Vesicular stomatitis is a disease of livestock caused by some members of the Vesiculovirus genus (Family Rhabdoviridae), two of which are called 'vesicular stomatitis virus'. Clinical disease presents as severe vesiculation and/or ulceration of the tongue, oral tissues, feet, and teats, and results in substantial loss of productivity. Except for its appearance in horses, it is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease. Unlike foot-and-mouth disease, it is very infectious for man and can cause a temporarily debilitating disease. Vesicular stomatitis occurs seasonally every year in the southeastern USA, southern Mexico, throughout Central America and in northern South America, and emerges from tropical areas to cause sporadic epidemics in cooler climates during the summer months. Other Vesiculoviruses are endemic in India and Africa. Vesiculoviruses are arthropod-borne and it is possible they are actually well adapted insect viruses that incidentally infect mammals. Vesiculoviruses are relatively simple, having a linear, single stranded, negative sense RNA genome encased in a bullet-shaped virion made from only five proteins. Upon infection of cultured cells, viral products turn off cellular gene expression and seize the entire metabolic potential of the cell. They also depolymerize the cytoskeleton to cause rapid tissue destruction. Virus infection in animals provokes interferon and nitric oxide responses, which quickly control viral replication, and an antibody response that prevents further viral replication. Vesiculovirus genome replication is error-prone, resulting in viral progeny containing many variants. This allows rapid adaptation. Nevertheless, vesicular stomatitis virus genomic sequences appear relatively stable within single endemic areas, and vary progressively on a North-South axis in the Western Hemisphere. Numerous important fundamental discoveries in immunology and virology have come from recent studies of vesicular stomatitis virus. However, these discoveries have not led to a safe and fully effective vaccine for man or beast. In the absence of a vaccine, the continual increase in rapid intercontinental travel, the increase in numbers and concentration of susceptible animals, the plasticity of the viral genome, and the underappreciation of vesiculoviruses as veterinary and zoonotic pathogens by regulators and biomedical researchers, are combining with potentially explosive consequences.
水泡性口炎是一种由水泡病毒属（弹状病毒科）的一些成员引起的家畜疾病，其中两种被称为“水泡性口炎病毒”。临床疾病表现为舌头、口腔组织、蹄部和乳头出现严重的水疱和/或溃疡，导致生产力大幅下降。除了在马身上出现外，它在临床上与口蹄疫无法区分。与口蹄疫不同的是，它对人类具有很强的传染性，可引起一种暂时使人衰弱的疾病。水泡性口炎每年在美国东南部、墨西哥南部、中美洲全境和南美洲北部季节性发生，并从热带地区出现，并在夏季在较凉爽的气候中引发散发性疫情。其他水泡病毒在印度和非洲呈地方性流行。水泡病毒是节肢动物传播的，有可能它们实际上是适应良好的昆虫病毒，偶然感染哺乳动物。水泡病毒相对简单，具有线性、单链、负义RNA基因组，包裹在一个仅由五种蛋白质构成的子弹状病毒粒子中。感染培养细胞后，病毒产物会关闭细胞基因表达并占据细胞的全部代谢潜能。它们还会使细胞骨架解聚，导致组织迅速破坏。动物感染病毒会引发干扰素和一氧化氮反应，从而迅速控制病毒复制，以及产生阻止病毒进一步复制的抗体反应。水泡病毒基因组复制容易出错，导致病毒后代包含许多变体。这使得病毒能够快速适应。然而，水泡性口炎病毒基因组序列在单一地方性流行区域内似乎相对稳定，并且在西半球沿南北轴逐渐变化。免疫和病毒学领域的许多重要基础发现都来自最近对水泡性口炎病毒的研究。然而，这些发现尚未带来一种对人类或动物安全且完全有效的疫苗。在没有疫苗的情况下，快速的洲际旅行持续增加、易感动物数量和集中程度增加、病毒基因组的可塑性，以及监管机构和生物医学研究人员对水泡病毒作为兽医和人畜共患病原体的认识不足，这些因素加在一起可能会产生潜在的爆炸性后果。
