Cole D J, Hill V R, Humenik F J, Sobsey M D
Departmentof Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 27599, USA.
Occup Med. 1999 Apr-Jun;14(2):423-48.
Modern animal husbandry has been concerned with increasing efficiency by increasing the number of animals raised per unit area; decreasing labor costs by automated animal feeding, watering, and housing; and using antibiotics to increase animal growth rates. These changes in animal production practices have resulted in reduced disease risks in some cases, but also have introduced new risks and challenges to the animal handler. Topics covered here include exposure pathways and health hazards associated with animal excreta, birthing wastes, and carcasses, with emphasis on infectious microbes (e.g., bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens) and airborne hazards (e.g., gases, dust particles, aerosols, and odors). Measures for reducing risks to animal handlers, including the use of waste management and treatment techniques, are reviewed.
现代畜牧业一直致力于通过提高单位面积饲养动物的数量来提高效率；通过自动化的动物喂养、供水和住房来降低劳动力成本；以及使用抗生素来提高动物生长速度。动物生产方式的这些变化在某些情况下降低了疾病风险，但也给动物饲养者带来了新的风险和挑战。这里涵盖的主题包括与动物排泄物、分娩废弃物和尸体相关的接触途径和健康危害，重点是传染性微生物（如细菌、病毒和原生动物病原体）和空气传播危害（如气体、灰尘颗粒、气溶胶和气味）。还回顾了降低动物饲养者风险的措施，包括废物管理和处理技术的使用。
