Noronha C V, Machado E P, Tapparelli G, Cordeiro T R, Laranjeira D H, Santos C A
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Bahia, Brasil.
Rev Panam Salud Publica. 1999 Apr-May;5(4-5):268-77. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49891999000400010.
The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution of various forms of violence--structural, institutional, interpersonal, and crime-related--in the three most common color groups of Bahian society: mulattos, whites, and blacks. The study compared the levels of victimization of mulatto, white, and black individuals with their assessments of the efficiency of crime-control institutions, in order to ascertain how that relates to those same citizens' acceptance of authoritarian attitudes and norms. The data analyzed came from the multicenter project on Attitudes and Cultural Standards about Violence (ACTIVA) project, from a sample of 1,384 residents of the Salvador metropolitan region. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey, with interviews done in the people's homes between September and December of 1996. The sample selection was done in three stages: first, residential areas were chosen at random; then, a systematic selection was made from the homes in each of the selected areas; finally, the persons to be interviewed were chosen at random. To collect the data the researchers used a pretested questionnaire that had been designed for the ACTIVA study. The results showed an unequal distribution of structural violence that mainly affected blacks. There were no differences by color group for interpersonal and institutional violence. Criminal violence impacted whites and blacks to the same degree. Distrust in the efficiency of the civil and military police and in the justice and penal systems was very high among all three color groups. Moreover, few differences were found among the groups with regard to authoritarian attitudes and norms. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that public order is threatened if the dissatisfaction with institutions for crime prevention and reduction continues at a high level at the same time that individuals tend to support violence to resolve conflicts.
本研究的目的是分析巴伊亚社会三种最常见肤色群体（混血儿、白人和黑人）中各种形式暴力（结构暴力、制度暴力、人际暴力和与犯罪相关的暴力）的分布情况。该研究将混血儿、白人和黑人个体的受害程度与其对犯罪控制机构效率的评估进行了比较，以确定这与这些公民对威权态度和规范的接受程度有何关联。所分析的数据来自关于暴力态度和文化标准的多中心项目（ACTIVA项目），样本为萨尔瓦多 metropolitan 地区的1384名居民。该研究设计为横断面调查，于1996年9月至12月在人们家中进行访谈。样本选择分三个阶段进行：首先，随机选择居民区；然后，从每个选定区域的家庭中进行系统抽样；最后，随机选择要访谈的人员。为收集数据，研究人员使用了为ACTIVA研究设计的经过预测试的问卷。结果显示，结构暴力的分布不均，主要影响黑人。人际暴力和制度暴力在肤色群体之间没有差异。刑事暴力对白人和黑人的影响程度相同。在所有三个肤色群体中，对民事和军事警察以及司法和刑罚系统效率的不信任程度都非常高。此外，在威权态度和规范方面，各群体之间几乎没有差异。根据研究结果，可以得出结论，如果对预防和减少犯罪机构的不满情绪持续处于高水平，同时个人倾向于支持使用暴力来解决冲突，那么公共秩序将受到威胁。
