Ag Bendech M, Chauliac M, Gerbouin-Rerolle P, Malvy D
Centre International de l'Enfance et de la Famille, Paris, France.
Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 1999 Apr;47(2):151-64.
Great modifications in social and family relationships and life style come from rapid urbanisation in developing countries. Various types of malnutrition coexist in these towns. Food consumption outside the home is more and more common. This in turn encourages rapid growth in the food informal economic sector which must be taken into account in food and nutrition policy and planning. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics and complementarities between home and outside the home food consumption of different kinds of individuals coming from different kinds of families in Bamako, in terms of expenditures and aspects of food and nutritional intakes.
366 individuals from 74 families were interviewed. They were chosen according to defined criteria in three districts of Bamako of high, middle and poor socio-economic level.
At home the daily food expenditure is 2.27 and 3.79 times greater per individual in rich than in middle income and poor families respectively. Animal proteins are respectively 41%, 19% and 9% of daily protein intake. Energy from lipids is 20 to 30% in rich and middle families. In poor ones it is only 15% which is the lower limit of nutritional recommendations. Moreover, contrary to proteins and carbohydrates, the cost of lipids seems, almost incompressible. Almost everybody eats out of home food, particularly children. Its cost, on an energy basis, is higher than home food. The expense is 19 to 27% of the family food budget. It appears necessary to the satisfaction of nutritional requirements in middle income and poor families. Despite various costs, whatever be the socio-economic level, energy intakes coming from that food are equivalent in absolute terms among various kinds of individuals: children, men and women.
Families had to adapt their food strategies after the 1994 Franc CFA devaluation. Various hypotheses are presented, linked to intra-family relationships and, within poor families, to insertion in the street food economic sector, in order to understand, the logic of food choices. Such an analysis, where health, nutritional, economic, social and cultural aspects of food are taken into account, allows some concrete orientations for urban food and nutrition policy.
发展中国家的快速城市化给社会、家庭关系及生活方式带来了巨大变化。在这些城市中，多种类型的营养不良现象并存。外出就餐越来越普遍，这反过来又促使食品非正规经济部门迅速发展，而这一点在食品与营养政策及规划中必须予以考虑。本研究的目的是从支出以及食物和营养摄入方面，分析巴马科不同类型家庭中各类人群在家就餐和外出就餐的特点及互补性。
对来自74个家庭的366人进行了访谈。他们是根据既定标准，从巴马科社会经济水平高、中、低的三个区中挑选出来的。
在家时，富裕家庭中人均每日食物支出分别比中等收入家庭和贫困家庭高2.27倍和3.79倍。动物蛋白分别占每日蛋白质摄入量的41%、19%和9%。富裕家庭和中等收入家庭中，来自脂肪的能量占比为20%至30%。在贫困家庭中，这一比例仅为15%，这是营养建议的下限。此外，与蛋白质和碳水化合物不同，脂肪的成本似乎几乎无法压缩。几乎每个人都外出就餐，尤其是儿童。按能量计算，外出就餐食物的成本高于在家就餐食物。其费用占家庭食品预算的19%至27%。对于中等收入家庭和贫困家庭满足营养需求而言，外出就餐似乎是必要的。尽管成本各异，但无论社会经济水平如何，不同类型人群（儿童、男性和女性）从外出就餐食物中获取的能量绝对值相当。
1994年非洲金融共同体法郎贬值后，家庭不得不调整其食物策略。为了理解食物选择的逻辑，我们提出了各种假设，这些假设与家庭内部关系有关，在贫困家庭中还与融入街头食品经济部门有关。这样一种综合考虑食物的健康、营养、经济、社会和文化方面的分析，可为城市食品与营养政策提供一些具体的指导方向。
