RAPD profile based genetic characterization of chemotypic variants of Artemisia annua L.

The annual herbaceous plant, Artemisia annua L., belonging to family Asteraceae, is the natural source of the highly potent antimalarial compound, artemisinin, besides producing valuable essential oil. The plant is at present the sole commercial source for artemisinin production since all the chemical syntheses are non-viable. Therefore, economic and practical considerations dictate that plants with maximum content of artemisinin be found and/or ways to increase their artemisinin content be sought. The key to this selection and breeding is a comprehension of chemical and genetic variability and suitable selection(s) of elites from within the available population. In the present study, RAPD analyses of selected chemotypes from a decade old introduced population in India were carried out using arbitrary primers. The RAPD data clearly indicate the distinction amongst these plants. Further, the detection of highly polymorphic profiles (97 polymorphic markers out of a total of 101 markers) suggests the existence of very high levels of genetic variation in the Indian population despite geographical isolation and opens out a strong possibility of further genetic improvement for superior artemisinin content. UPGMA analyses of RAPD and phytochemical trait data indicate that the wide phytochemical diversity is included within the genetic diversity. These results further support the prospects for selection and breeding of superior artemisinin containing lines.