Howard M W, Kahana M J
Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1999 Jul;25(4):923-41. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.25.4.923.
In immediate free recall, words recalled successively tend to come from nearby serial positions. M. J. Kahana (1996) documented this effect and showed that this tendency, which the authors refer to as the lag recency effect, is well described by a variant of the search of associative memory (SAM) model (J. G. W. Raaijmakers & R. M. Shiffrin, 1980, 1981). In 2 experiments, participants performed immediate, delayed, and continuous distractor free recall under conditions designed to minimize rehearsal. The lag recency effect, previously observed in immediate free recall, was also observed in delayed and continuous distractor free recall. Although two-store memory models, such as SAM, readily account for the end-of-list recency effect in immediate free recall, and its attenuation in delayed free recall, these models fail to account for the long-term recency effect. By means of analytic simulations, the authors show that both the end of list recency effect and the lag recency effect, across all distractor conditions, can be explained by a single-store model in which context, retrieved with each recalled item, serves as a cue for subsequent recalls.
在即时自由回忆中，相继回忆出的单词往往来自相邻的序列位置。M. J. 卡哈纳（1996年）记录了这种效应，并表明作者所称的滞后近因效应这一倾向，可用联想记忆搜索（SAM）模型（J. G. W. 拉伊马克斯和R. M. 希夫林，1980年、1981年）的一个变体很好地描述。在两项实验中，参与者在旨在尽量减少复述的条件下进行即时、延迟和连续无干扰自由回忆。先前在即时自由回忆中观察到的滞后近因效应，在延迟和连续无干扰自由回忆中也被观察到。虽然像SAM这样的双存储记忆模型很容易解释即时自由回忆中的列表末尾近因效应及其在延迟自由回忆中的减弱，但这些模型无法解释长期近因效应。通过分析模拟，作者表明，在所有干扰条件下，列表末尾近因效应和滞后近因效应都可以用单存储模型来解释，在该模型中，与每个回忆出的项目一起检索的上下文作为后续回忆的线索。
