Romach M K, Sproule B A, Sellers E M, Somer G, Busto U E
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Aug;19(4):373-6. doi: 10.1097/00004714-199908000-00015.
A community survey was conducted among long-term (>6 months) users of codeine-containing products to characterize chronic use of these extensively consumed medications. Respondents recruited through newspaper advertisements completed a mailed questionnaire. Three hundred thirty-nine completed questionnaires were obtained, yielding a response rate of 70%. Codeine dependence/abuse as defined by DSM-IV criteria was present in 41% of the respondents. Two thirds of the subjects had sought help for mental health problems, most often depression (70%). Scores on the Symptom Checklist-90 subscales were modestly elevated, particularly on the Depression subscale (1.2 +/- 0.9). Long-term codeine use is strongly associated with dependence. Depression and depressive symptoms are common. These data suggest that dysphoric mood states may be significant in maintaining long-term codeine use.
对长期（超过6个月）使用含可待因产品的人群进行了一项社区调查，以了解这些广泛使用药物的长期使用特征。通过报纸广告招募的受访者完成了一份邮寄问卷。共获得339份完整问卷，回复率为70%。根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV）标准，41%的受访者存在可待因依赖/滥用问题。三分之二的受试者曾因心理健康问题寻求帮助，最常见的是抑郁症（70%）。症状自评量表90项（Symptom Checklist-90）各分量表得分略有升高，尤其是抑郁分量表（1.2±0.9）。长期使用可待因与依赖密切相关。抑郁和抑郁症状很常见。这些数据表明，烦躁情绪状态可能在维持长期使用可待因方面具有重要意义。
