Osawa S, Su Z H, Kim C G, Okamoto M, Tominaga O, Imura Y
Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Japan.
Adv Biophys. 1999;36:65-106. doi: 10.1016/s0065-227x(99)80005-7.
The phylogenetic relationships of the carabid ground beetles have been estimated by analysing a large part of the ND5 gene sequences of more than 1,000 specimens consisting of the representative species and geographic races covering most of the genera and subgenera known in the world. From the phylogenetic analyses in conjunction with the mtDNA-based dating, a scenario of the establishment of the present habitats of the respective Japanese carabids has been constructed. The carabid diversification took place ca. 40 MYA as an explosive radiation of the major genera. During evolution, occasional small or single bangs also took place, sometimes accompanied by parallel morphological evolution in phylogenetically remote as well as close lineages. The existence of silent periods, in which few morphological changes took place, has been recognized during evolution. Thus, the carabid evolution is discontinuous, alternatively having a phase of rapid morphological change and a silent phase.
通过分析1000多个标本的大部分ND5基因序列，对步甲科地甲虫的系统发育关系进行了估计。这些标本包括世界上已知的大部分属和亚属的代表性物种和地理种群。结合基于线粒体DNA的年代测定进行系统发育分析，构建了日本各步甲当前栖息地的形成情景。步甲的多样化发生在约4000万年前，是主要属的一次爆发性辐射。在进化过程中，偶尔也会发生小规模或单次的爆发，有时在系统发育上较远和较近的谱系中伴随着平行的形态进化。在进化过程中，已经认识到存在很少发生形态变化的静止期。因此，步甲的进化是不连续的，交替出现快速形态变化阶段和静止阶段。
